Indonesia is one of the most populous countries globally, with a population of approximately 270 million people, according to the 2020 census. As the population continues to rise, it is increasingly affecting people's daily lives, the economy, and social dynamics.

This growth has led to higher consumption of natural resources, which in turn contributes to negative externalities such as air pollution. According to BPS data in March 2021, Indonesia's poverty rate reached 27.54 million people, an increase of 1.1 million compared to the previous year.

The number of poor people in urban areas on Java is higher than in rural areas, showing that urbanization doesn’t alleviate poverty. Moreover, Indonesia’s population growth leads to social, economic, and environmental challenges, including worsening pollution and a decline in food and energy security. These issues are further exacerbated by the pressure on limited resources and urban overcrowding, requiring urgent action to ensure sustainable development.